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Related Concept Videos

Aquaporins01:25

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.
Fluid Movement Between Compartments01:18

Fluid Movement Between Compartments

The force applied by fluids against a surface, known as hydrostatic pressure, initiates the transfer of fluid among different compartments. Within our blood vessels, the blood's hydrostatic pressure is a result of the heart's pumping action. At the arteriolar end of capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (capillary blood pressure) exceeds the opposing colloid osmotic pressure created primarily by plasma proteins like albumin. This discrepancy in pressure propels plasma and nutrients from the...
Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Hydraulic Jump01:29

Hydraulic Jump

A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of free water...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids
10:03

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Published on: September 30, 2014

The dynamic crossover in water does not require bulk water.

David A Turton1, Carmelo Corsaro, David F Martin

  • 1School of Chemistry and WestCHEM, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|May 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored water

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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
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Generation and Control of Electrohydrodynamic Flows in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Anomalous properties of water suggest a second critical point and a liquid-liquid transition.
  • Experimental evidence for this transition is challenging due to water's low homogeneous nucleation temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the liquid-liquid transition in water under conditions that preserve its essential characteristics.
  • To provide experimental evidence for the dynamic crossover and anomalous diffusion in water.

Main Methods:

  • Femtosecond optical Kerr-effect spectroscopy.
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements.
  • Studying water in eutectic LiCl solution to prevent crystallization.

Main Results:

  • Observed a fractional Stokes-Einstein relation in both femtosecond optical Kerr-effect and NMR measurements.
  • Identified dynamic crossover signatures near 220 K (Kerr-effect) and 250 K (NMR).
  • Glass state spectra confirmed complex hydrogen-bonding and predicted anomalous diffusion via "worm-hole" structures.

Conclusions:

  • Cooperative hydration in LiCl solutions may preserve bulk-like water characteristics.
  • Experimental data support the existence of a dynamic crossover and anomalous diffusion in water.
  • Findings align with theoretical predictions of a second critical point influencing water's anomalous behavior.