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Updated: May 22, 2026

Measuring Microbial Mutation Rates with the Fluctuation Assay
Published on: November 28, 2019
From molecular genetics to phylodynamics: evolutionary relevance of mutation rates across viruses
1Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de València, Paterna, Spain. rafael.sanjuan@uv.es
Abstract:
Although evolution is a multifactorial process, theory posits that the speed of molecular evolution should be directly determined by the rate at which spontaneous mutations appear. To what extent these two biochemical and population-scale processes are related in nature, however, is largely unknown. Viruses are an ideal system for addressing this question because their evolution is fast enough to be observed in real time, and experimentally-determined mutation rates are abundant. This article provides statistically supported evidence that the mutation rate determines molecular evolution across all types of viruses. Properties of the viral genome such as its size and chemical composition are identified as major determinants of these rates. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis reveals that, as expected, evolution rates increase linearly with mutation rates for slowly mutating viruses. However, this relationship plateaus for fast mutating viruses. A model is proposed in which deleterious mutations impose an evolutionary speed limit and set an extinction threshold in nature. The model is consistent with data from replication kinetics, selection strength and chemical mutagenesis studies.
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