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Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

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Inhaled Medications

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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
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Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

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At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
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Halothane: how should it be used in a developing country?

N Mahboobi¹, S Esmaeili, S Safari

¹Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue De Sante De La Mediterranee Orientale = Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit

|May 11, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Halothane is still used in Iran due to cost, but concerns about halothane-induced hepatitis exist. Studies show the hepatitis incidence is low in Iran, suggesting complete withdrawal may not be currently appropriate.

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Hepatology
Pharmacoeconomics

Background:

Halothane remains a widely used anesthetic in developing nations like Iran due to its affordability.
Western countries have largely replaced halothane with alternatives owing to rare halothane-induced hepatitis.
Iranian healthcare professionals debate discontinuing halothane in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the incidence of halothane-induced hepatitis in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
To assess the economic implications of replacing halothane with alternative anesthetics.
To gather expert opinions on the potential withdrawal of halothane.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive literature review was conducted.
The incidence of halothane hepatitis and anesthetic costs in Iran were analyzed.
A survey of 30 anesthesiology and gastroenterology experts was performed.

Main Results:

The incidence of halothane hepatitis in the Islamic Republic of Iran is notably low.
Strict adherence to anesthetic administration guidelines can largely prevent halothane hepatitis.
Complete withdrawal of halothane may not be currently advisable for the country.

Conclusions:

Halothane hepatitis is rare in Iran and preventable with proper guidelines.
Further cost-effectiveness analyses are essential before considering a complete halothane replacement.
Current evidence suggests halothane can remain a viable anesthetic option in Iran.