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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees
13:55

Simultaneous Long-term Recordings at Two Neuronal Processing Stages in Behaving Honeybees

Published on: July 21, 2014

Differential coding by two olfactory subsystems in the honeybee brain.

Julie Carcaud1, Thomas Hill, Martin Giurfa

  • 1Université de Toulouse (UPS), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Toulouse Cedex, France.

Journal of Neurophysiology
|May 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Honeybees have a dual olfactory system for processing smells. Research shows some overlap but also unique ways each pathway encodes odor chemical group and carbon chain length.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Insect olfaction

Background:

  • Sensory systems utilize parallel processing for stimulus feature extraction.
  • Olfactory parallel processing is less understood compared to other sensory modalities.
  • The honeybee brain exhibits a dual olfactory system with distinct medial (m) and lateral (l) antenno-protocerebral tracts (APT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate olfactory coding within the honeybee's dual olfactory system.
  • Determine if odor quality and quantity are differentially encoded in the m-APT and l-APT subsystems.
  • Explore the functional significance of the neural dichotomy in the honeybee olfactory system.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized in vivo calcium imaging to study olfactory coding at the input of both APT subsystems.
  • Developed a novel imaging preparation for the previously un-imaged m-APT.
  • Compared neural responses to aliphatic odorants at varying concentrations in both subsystems.

Main Results:

  • Observed global redundancy in olfactory coding across both m-APT and l-APT subsystems.
  • Identified specific coding differences related to chemical group and carbon chain length between the two pathways.
  • Demonstrated distinct encoding capabilities within the parallel olfactory channels.

Conclusions:

  • The honeybee's dual olfactory system exhibits both shared and specialized processing of odorant features.
  • Specific chemical properties like group and chain length are differentially represented in the m-APT and l-APT.
  • This research provides insights into the functional organization of parallel processing in olfaction.