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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI
07:31

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI

Published on: November 1, 2014

Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: what do we know?

A Schaffartzik1, E Hamza, J Janda

  • 1Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research-SIAF, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland.

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology
|May 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) in horses is an allergic skin disease caused by Culicoides midges. Researchers identified 11 salivary proteins as key allergens, advancing understanding of this equine allergic condition.

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Published on: June 1, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary immunology
  • Equine dermatology
  • Allergen characterization

Background:

  • Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a well-defined allergic dermatitis in horses, triggered by Culicoides midge bites.
  • The immunopathogenesis involves an imbalance between T helper 2 (Th2) and regulatory T cell (Treg) responses.
  • Previous research lacked molecular identification of causative allergens, despite known IgE-mediated reactions to salivary antigens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on IBH immunopathogenesis.
  • To highlight the identification of specific Culicoides salivary proteins as major allergens.
  • To discuss the implications for developing new treatment strategies for equine allergic disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on IBH.
  • Focus on studies investigating immune responses (Th2/Treg balance) in affected horses.
  • Analysis of research identifying and characterizing Culicoides salivary gland proteins as allergens.

Main Results:

  • Eleven Culicoides salivary gland proteins have been identified as relevant allergens for IBH.
  • IBH is characterized by an immune response imbalance, particularly involving Th2 and Treg cells.
  • IgE-mediated reactions against these salivary antigens are associated with IBH.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular characterization of 11 Culicoides allergens represents a significant advancement in understanding IBH.
  • Understanding immune response mechanisms to these allergens is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Future strategies may include immunotherapy for equine allergic dermatitis.