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Related Concept Videos

The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview01:37

The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview

In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
The Citric Acid Cycle: Output01:28

The Citric Acid Cycle: Output

The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is produced by the...
Products of the Citric Acid Cycle00:53

Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems
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Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems

Published on: September 23, 2021

ATP-citrate lyase: a mini-review.

Melanie Chypre1, Nousheen Zaidi, Karine Smans

  • 1Department of Oncology, Janssen Research and Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|May 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key enzyme for producing acetyl-CoA, essential for fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis. This review highlights ACLY

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Enzymology

Background:

  • ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) catalyzes the production of acetyl-CoA from citrate.
  • Acetyl-CoA is crucial for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis, protein modifications, and acetylation.
  • ACLY plays a significant role in cellular metabolism and epigenetic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the known features of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY).
  • To highlight ACLY's tissue distribution, subcellular localization, and enzymatic properties.
  • To discuss ACLY's gene regulation and associated physiological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on ACLY.
  • Compilation and synthesis of data on ACLY's characteristics.

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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography

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Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids
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Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Published on: January 26, 2012

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems
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Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Refractive Index or Mass Spectrometric Detection for Metabolite Profiling in Lysate-based Cell-free Systems

Published on: September 23, 2021

Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography
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Visualization of ATP Synthase Dimers in Mitochondria by Electron Cryo-tomography

Published on: September 14, 2014

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids
07:26

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Published on: January 26, 2012

  • Analysis of ACLY's role in various biological processes.

    • Main Results:

    • ACLY is widely distributed and functions in the cytosol.
    • Enzymatic properties and regulation of ACLY are detailed.
    • ACLY's involvement in physiological conditions is discussed.

    Conclusions:

    • ACLY is a critical enzyme linking carbohydrate metabolism to lipid synthesis.
    • Understanding ACLY's regulation and function is vital for metabolic research.
    • Further investigation into ACLY's role in disease is warranted.