Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures
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Updated: May 22, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
Published on: November 21, 2017
Scott J Engel1, Nikesh K Patel, Colin M Morrison
1Sarasota, Fla.; Freehold, N.J.; Dublin, Ireland; and Cleveland, Ohio From the Sarasota Plastic Surgery Center; New Reflections Plastic Surgery; St. Vincent's University Hospital; and the Departments of Plastic Surgery and General Anesthesia and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic.
A nasopharyngeal oxygen delivery system is safer for patients undergoing facial surgery under conscious sedation. This method provides more consistent oxygen concentrations around the face compared to standard nasal cannulas.
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