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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in adipocytes...
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
Anorexia Nervosa01:28

Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain, an unrelenting pursuit of thinness, and a distorted body image. It often leads to dangerously low body weight relative to an individual's age and height. This disorder is marked by significant physical and psychological consequences, making it one of the most life-threatening psychiatric illnesses.
Symptoms and Physical Effects
Individuals with anorexia nervosa commonly exhibit extreme...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.

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Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
09:36

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Published on: February 2, 2017

Hypothalamic obesity in children.

A Bereket1, W Kiess, R H Lustig

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. abdullahbereket@gmail.com

Obesity Reviews : an Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity
|May 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hypothalamic obesity, often caused by hypothalamic damage, leads to complex weight gain through hyperphagia and metabolic issues. Understanding the hypothalamus is key to managing this rare but severe obesity form.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Pediatric Obesity

Background:

  • Hypothalamic obesity is a severe, complex condition resulting from hypothalamic damage.
  • It is characterized by hyperphagia, low metabolic rate, hormonal deficiencies, and hypomobility.
  • This condition has historically received limited research attention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent developments in the pathophysiology and management of hypothalamic obesity in children.
  • To highlight key discussions from a symposium at the European Congress of Obesity.
  • To emphasize the hypothalamus's central role in energy homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of presentations from an international symposium on hypothalamic obesity.
  • Synthesis of expert insights on pathogenesis and treatment strategies.
  • Discussion of acquired and congenital causes of hypothalamic dysfunction.

Main Results:

  • Hypothalamic damage affects ventromedial hypothalamus functions, leading to hyperphagia and reduced metabolic rate.
  • Associated issues include autonomic imbalance, hormone deficiencies (GH, gonadotropins, TSH), hypomobility, and insomnia.
  • The symposium underscored the need for greater focus on this patient group.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding hypothalamic regulation of feeding and metabolism is crucial for addressing hypothalamic obesity.
  • Further research is needed to improve management strategies for this intractable obesity form.
  • Insights into hypothalamic obesity may offer parallels for understanding common obesity.