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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Protein Sorting01:34

Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
Proteins targeted to the nucleus carry nuclear localization signals or NLS recognized by import receptors in the cytosol. Similarly, proteins with nuclear export signals are recognized by export receptors. Import and export receptors are...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
Nuclear Export01:42

Nuclear Export

The nucleus restricts several proteins within and allows others to pass. The restricted proteins possess a nuclear retention sequence or NRS, anchoring them to the nuclear lamins and preventing their transport to the cytosol. The non-restricted proteins, after their synthesis, are transported to their site of action, such as the cytosol or other organelles, with the help of nuclear export signals or NES.
NES are of three types- the canonical 10-residue long leucine-rich signal and other...
Additional Subnuclear Structures02:10

Additional Subnuclear Structures

The eukaryotic nucleus is a double membrane-bound organelle that contains nearly all of the cell’s genetic material in the form of chromosomes. It is rightly called the “brain” of the cell as it shoulders the responsibility of responding to various physiological processes, stress, altered metabolic conditions, and other cellular signals. 
The nucleus contains many membrane-less subnuclear organelles or nuclear bodies, such as nucleoli, Cajal bodies, speckles, paraspeckles, etc. These nuclear...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
11:55

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

Published on: August 16, 2016

Functional architecture of the nuclear pore complex.

Einat Grossman1, Ohad Medalia, Monika Zwerger

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beersheva 84105, Israel.

Annual Review of Biophysics
|May 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the cell's gatekeeper, regulating molecule transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm. This review covers the structure and function of NPCs, essential for maintaining cellular operations.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
11:55

Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution

Published on: August 16, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the sole regulated gateway controlling transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
  • NPCs facilitate free diffusion of small molecules and selective transport of macromolecules via receptor-mediated mechanisms.
  • These complexes are crucial for maintaining cellular functions by regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the structural and functional aspects of the nuclear pore complex (NPC).
  • To elucidate the role of NPCs in regulating nucleocytoplasmic transport of macromolecules.
  • To highlight the composition and assembly of NPCs from nucleoporins.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on NPC structure and function.
  • It integrates data from structural biology and cell biology studies.
  • The review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of nucleocytoplasmic transport regulation.

Main Results:

  • NPCs are large multiprotein assemblies composed of approximately 30 different nucleoporins.
  • They form aqueous channels that mediate both passive diffusion and active transport.
  • Soluble receptors play a key role in the selective recognition and translocation of cargo.

Conclusions:

  • The NPC is a fundamental cellular machinery essential for life.
  • Understanding NPC structure and function is critical for comprehending cellular regulation.
  • Further research into NPCs will illuminate their role in health and disease.