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Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

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DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
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Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

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Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)
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Risk factors for mortality in children with abusive head trauma.

Steven L Shein1, Michael J Bell, Patrick M Kochanek

  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. drstevenshein@gmail.com

The Journal of Pediatrics
|May 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Abusive head trauma in children is linked to higher mortality with low initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores and specific injuries like retinal hemorrhage. Identifying these risk factors is crucial for improving care.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Neurology
  • Forensic Pathology

Background:

  • Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a severe form of child maltreatment.
  • Identifying mortality risk factors in AHT is critical for clinical management and research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify risk factors for in-hospital mortality in a large cohort of children diagnosed with abusive head trauma.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 386 children with AHT across four pediatric centers.
  • Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used.
  • Initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 defined severe AHT.

Main Results:

  • Low initial GCS scores (3 or 4-5) significantly increased mortality risk.
  • Retinal hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and cerebral edema were independently associated with mortality.
  • Chronic subdural hematoma was associated with survival.

Conclusions:

  • Initial GCS score, retinal hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and cerebral edema are key independent predictors of mortality in AHT.
  • Understanding these risk factors can guide clinical interventions and improve outcomes for affected children.