Alkylidene branched lupane derivatives: synthesis and antitumor activity

Several novel alkylidene branched lupane derivatives have been prepared. Many of these compounds showed a significant cytotoxicity. The most active compound, 2-methylene-betulonic acid, showed IC(50) values between 0.2 and 0.6 μM for 15 different human cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity can be improved by encapsulation in liposomes. These compounds act by triggering apoptotic cell death as shown by DNA-laddering experiments and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining.