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Related Concept Videos

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction01:20

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...
Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart tube by...
Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction01:15

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...
Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction01:27

Mitral Valve Prolapse I: Introduction

IntroductionThe mitral valve, one of the heart's four valves, regulates blood flow. These valves have flaps that open and close to direct blood properly through the heart and body. During each heartbeat, the flaps open for blood to pass through and seal shut to prevent backflow. Specifically, the mitral valve opens to allow blood flow from the heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. It then closes securely as the lower left chamber contracts to pump blood to the body, preventing...
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction

Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System
08:09

A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System

Published on: May 13, 2016

Atrioventricular valve development: new perspectives on an old theme.

Annemarieke de Vlaming1, Kimberly Sauls, Zoltan Hajdu

  • 1Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center, Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.

Differentiation; Research in Biological Diversity
|May 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Understanding atrioventricular valve development requires mechanistic insights into mesenchymal cell migration and matrix organization. Answering fundamental questions about valve "building" is crucial for understanding heart valve diseases.

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A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents
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A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents

Published on: September 21, 2021

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System
08:09

A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System

Published on: May 13, 2016

A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents
06:33

A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents

Published on: September 21, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Endocardial cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to form valve mesenchyme.
  • Molecular events driving EMT in valve development are well-characterized.
  • The precise roles and functions of these mesenchymal cells in leaflet development remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on atrioventricular valve development.
  • To highlight unanswered mechanistic questions regarding mesenchymal cell migration and matrix organization.
  • To provide new perspectives on the developmental basis of heart valve diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on atrioventricular valve development.
  • Analysis of current understanding of molecular and cellular processes.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps and areas for future research.

Main Results:

  • While EMT and cell migration are known, the drivers and mechanisms are unclear.
  • The synthesis, secretion, and organization of extracellular matrix by valve mesenchyme are not fully elucidated.
  • Many fundamental questions posed decades ago remain unanswered.

Conclusions:

  • Advancing the field requires moving beyond descriptive analyses to mechanistic investigations.
  • Understanding how valves are built is key to addressing valve diseases.
  • Answering basic biological questions holds potential for new discoveries in development and disease.