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Related Concept Videos

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Translation

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life

Translational Regulation

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Regulated mRNA Transport

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Translational CNS medicines research.

Alan M Palmer¹, Mohammad S Alavijeh

¹MS Therapeutics Ltd., Beechey House, 87 Church Street, Crowthorne, Berks RG45 7AW, UK. alan.palmer@mstherapeutics.com

Drug Discovery Today

|May 15, 2012

Summary

Translating neuroscience research into new medicines for central nervous system (CNS) disorders faces significant challenges. This review examines key factors crucial for overcoming these hurdles and developing effective CNS therapies.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Pharmaceutical Science
Drug Development

Background:

Translating basic neuroscience research into effective medicines is a major pharmaceutical industry goal.
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders present unique and significant challenges in drug development compared to non-CNS conditions.
CNS drugs have longer development timelines and higher attrition rates due to brain complexity and drug delivery issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the critical factors influencing the successful translation of neuroscience research into CNS medicines.
To identify challenges and potential solutions in developing drugs for brain disorders.
To provide insights into overcoming the complexities of CNS drug development.

Main Methods:

Literature review of factors impacting CNS drug translation.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Published on: April 30, 2014

Novel Passive Clearing Methods for the Rapid Production of Optical Transparency in Whole CNS Tissue

Novel Passive Clearing Methods for the Rapid Production of Optical Transparency in Whole CNS Tissue

Published on: May 8, 2018

Analysis of Translation in the Developing Mouse Brain using Polysome Profiling

Analysis of Translation in the Developing Mouse Brain using Polysome Profiling

Published on: May 22, 2021

Analysis of challenges in CNS drug development, including brain complexity and blood-CNS barrier.

Examination of strategies for improving the success rate of CNS medicines.

Main Results:

The complexity of the human brain and unknown causes of many brain disorders complicate drug discovery.
CNS drugs are prone to side effects, limiting their therapeutic utility.
The blood-CNS barrier (BCNSB) poses a significant obstacle for CNS drug delivery and target interaction.

Conclusions:

Overcoming the inherent complexities of the brain and the blood-CNS barrier is essential for successful CNS drug development.
Addressing side effect liabilities and improving drug delivery are critical for advancing CNS medicines.
A comprehensive understanding of these factors is vital for accelerating the translation of neuroscience insights into effective treatments for CNS disorders.