Successful therapeutic splenectomy in an HIV patient with relapsing visceral leishmaniasis

A 43-year-old HIV-positive Ethiopian immigrant presented with persistent diarrhoea, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopaenia. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed by multiple gastrointestinal tract biopsies. Blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for Leishmania donovani. Despite highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and multiple courses of antileishmanial treatments, including liposomal amphotericin and sodium stibogluconate, the patient had multiple relapses. CD4 counts remained at 40-60 cells/µL although viral loads were undetectable. Splenectomy resulted in resolution of the patient's pancytopaenia and in rising CD4 levels, which enabled a long-lasting remission.