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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...
Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current01:14

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Gravity between Spherical Bodies01:27

Gravity between Spherical Bodies

Newton's law of gravitation describes the gravitational force between any two point masses. However, for extended spherical objects like the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the law holds with an assumption that masses of spherical objects are concentrated at their respective centers.
This assumption can be proved easily by showing that the expression for gravitational potential energy between a hollow sphere of mass (M) and a point mass (m) is the same as it would be for a pair of extended...
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon01:21

Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon

No object with a finite mass can travel faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. This fact has an interesting consequence in the domain of extremely high gravitational fields.
The minimum speed required to launch a projectile from the surface of an object to which it is gravitationally bound so that it eventually escapes the object’s gravitational field is called the escape velocity. The escape velocity is independent of the mass of the object. Merging the idea of escape velocity with the...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

The heliosphere's interstellar interaction: no bow shock.

D J McComas1, D Alexashov, M Bzowski

  • 1Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA. dmccomas@swri.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Sun

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • * Heliophysics and space plasma physics.
  • * Interstellar medium interactions.

Background:

  • * The heliosphere is a cavity carved by the Sun's solar wind.
  • * Previous understanding of the Sun's velocity relative to the interstellar medium.
  • * Expectation of a heliospheric bow shock due to supersonic solar wind.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To provide consensus values for the Sun's velocity vector.
  • * To analyze the implications of this velocity on global interstellar interaction.
  • * To reassess the existence of a heliospheric bow shock.

Main Methods:

  • * Analysis of recent observations from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) spacecraft.
  • * Calculation of combined consensus values for the Sun's velocity vector.

Main Results:

  • * The relative motion of the Sun is slower and in a different direction than previously estimated.
  • * The Sun's velocity is likely slower than the fast magnetosonic speed.
  • * Absence of a bow shock ahead of the heliosphere.

Conclusions:

  • * Revised understanding of the Sun's motion through the local interstellar medium.
  • * The heliosphere likely lacks a bow shock.
  • * Implications for the interaction between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium.