Differential modulations of ipsilateral and contralateral beta (de)synchronization during unimanual force production

Unilateral movement is usually accompanied by ipsilateral activity in the primary motor cortex (M1). It is still largely unclear whether this activity reflects interhemispheric 'cross-talk' of contralateral M1 that facilitates movement, or results from processes that inhibit motor output. We investigated the role of beta power in ipsilateral M1 during unimanual force production. Significant ipsilateral beta desynchronization occurred during continuous dynamic but not during static force production. Moreover, event-related time-frequency analysis revealed bilateral desynchronization patterns, whereas post-movement synchronization was confined to the contralateral hemisphere. Our findings indicate that ipsilateral activation is not merely the result of interhemispheric cross-talk but involves additional processes. Given observations of differential blood oxygen level-dependent responses in ipsilateral and contralateral M1, and the correlation between beta desynchronization and the firing rate of pyramidal tract neurons in contralateral M1 during movement, we speculate that beta desynchronization in contra- and ipsilateral M1 arises from distinct neural activation patterns.