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Depression: Overview

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Depression is a prevalent mental illness marked by persistent sadness and lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. It can take several forms, including major depression, persistent depressive disorder, and bipolar I and II disorders. Symptoms range from emotional changes like chronic worry to physical changes like sleep disturbances and suicidal thoughts. From a neurobiological perspective, depression is believed to be triggered by abnormalities in the brain's prefrontal cortex,...

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Long-term Depression

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

Published on: February 22, 2018

Major depression can be prevented.

Ricardo F Muñoz¹, William R Beardslee, Yan Leykin

¹Department of Psychiatry at San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. ricardo.munoz@ucsf.edu

The American Psychologist

|May 16, 2012

Summary

Major depression is preventable, with current methods averting 22-38% of episodes. Public health policy should prioritize evidence-based depression prevention interventions for widespread access.

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Area of Science:

Prevention science
Public health
Mental health policy

Background:

A 2009 report indicated major depression is preventable.
Evidence supports the efficacy of depression prevention interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

Highlight implications of the 2009 report for policy and research.
Advocate for routine access to depression prevention.
Guide future research directions for enhanced intervention effectiveness.

Main Methods:

Review of randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses on depression prevention.
Analysis of public policy and research directions.

Main Results:

Randomized controlled trials demonstrate significant reduction in major depressive episodes.
Meta-analyses suggest 22-38% of episodes could be prevented with existing methods.

Conclusions:

Clinical depression is avertable, necessitating societal action for reduction.
Healthcare systems should offer routine access to evidence-based prevention.
Future research should adopt a developmental perspective, identify high-risk groups, and test widely applicable interventions.