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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

Viruses and multiple sclerosis.

Jussi Oskari Virtanen1, Steve Jacobson

  • 1Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA

CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
|May 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), are increasingly implicated as environmental triggers in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis. Further research into viral roles and antiviral therapies is recommended.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Published on: September 21, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Virology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disease influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Viruses are suspected environmental triggers in MS pathogenesis, but specific causal agents remain unclear.
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) are key herpesviruses investigated for their role in MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the association of various viruses with MS, focusing on EBV and HHV-6.
  • To discuss the evidence linking EBV and HHV-6 to MS development.
  • To propose novel strategies for investigating viral roles in MS pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on viral associations with MS.
  • Examination of seroepidemiological data and clinical observations linking EBV to MS.
  • Analysis of viral presence in MS lesions and correlation with disease activity for HHV-6.

Main Results:

  • Strong associations exist between EBV, infectious mononucleosis, and MS.
  • HHV-6 is found more frequently in MS plaques compared to normal brain tissue.
  • HHV-6 reactivation correlates with MS relapses.

Conclusions:

  • Viruses, especially EBV and HHV-6, are significant potential co-factors in MS pathogenesis.
  • Development of new animal models and antiviral clinical trials are crucial for further elucidation.
  • Advanced sequencing techniques can aid in identifying known and novel viral agents in MS.