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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

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Published on: November 21, 2013

Youth in the Netherlands study (JOiN): study design.

Anja C Huizink1, Kirstin Greaves-Lord, Brittany E Evans

  • 1VU University, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Department of Developmental Psychology, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. a.c.huizink@vu.nl

BMC Public Health
|May 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The JOiN study identifies adolescents vulnerable to substance abuse by examining behavioral disinhibition and stress sensitivity. This research uses diverse methods to understand the complex factors contributing to adolescent substance use.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Adolescence is a critical period for substance exposure, necessitating identification of vulnerable individuals.
  • The JOiN study investigates endophenotypes of adolescent substance use in normal-risk and high-risk groups.
  • Key endophenotypes studied are behavioral disinhibition and individual differences in stress sensitivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the predictive role of specific endophenotypes in adolescent substance use.
  • To differentiate between normal-risk and high-risk adolescent populations regarding substance use vulnerability.
  • To investigate the multifactorial nature of adolescent substance use.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited normal-risk (N=711) and high-risk (N=83) adolescent samples.
  • Utilized standardized stress procedures, electroencephalography (EEG), and questionnaires.
  • Collected data on stress sensitivity, behavioral/emotional problems, substance use, psychopathology, and genetics (DNA).

Main Results:

  • Data available for stress sensitivity (N=711) and EEG measures (N=110).
  • High-risk adolescents had at least one parent with a substance use disorder.
  • Comprehensive data collected on various behavioral, environmental, and physiological factors.

Conclusions:

  • The JOiN study design is optimal for predicting adolescent substance use.
  • The integrated approach combining stress physiology, electrophysiology, genetics, and questionnaires is effective.
  • This multifactorial investigation provides deep insights into adolescent substance use.