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Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

Spinal Cord: Information Processing

The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
Sensory Information Processing
Sensory information processing begins at the sensory receptors located in the skin and other tissues, which detect somatic sensory stimuli such as touch, temperature, or pain. These receptors function as catalysts, initiating...

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice

Published on: July 16, 2015

[Spinal cord infarction].

N Naumann¹, K Shariat, S Ulmer

¹Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Neuroradiologie, Klinik für Radiologie und Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel.

|May 16, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord infarction causes neurological deficits. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) reliably depicts spinal cord infarction, aiding diagnosis and treatment planning.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Vascular Medicine
Radiology

Background:

Spinal cord infarction presents with diverse neurological deficits due to complex myelon vascularization.
Distal paresis, from paraparesis to tetraplegia, is a common symptom of arterial spinal cord ischemia.
Differentiating arterial from venous spinal cord infarction solely on clinical symptoms can be challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the diagnostic capabilities of modern imaging techniques for spinal cord infarction.
To emphasize the role of MRI in visualizing spinal cord infarction.
To discuss the utility of CTA and MRA in preoperative planning for aortic operations, including identification of the artery of Adamkiewicz.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical presentations and diagnostic imaging findings in spinal cord infarction.
Comparison of computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for spinal cord evaluation.
Discussion of the anatomical significance of the artery of Adamkiewicz.

Main Results:

Modern imaging, including CTA and MRA, aids in identifying the artery of Adamkiewicz and other spinal pathologies.
MRI is superior to CT in reliably depicting spinal cord infarction.
Clinical symptoms alone are insufficient for distinguishing arterial from venous infarction.

Conclusions:

MRI is the preferred modality for diagnosing spinal cord infarction.
Advanced imaging techniques are crucial for preoperative planning and understanding spinal cord vascular anatomy.
Accurate diagnosis of spinal cord infarction is essential for managing neurological deficits.