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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
08:46

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Published on: January 15, 2014

Pressure amorphized ices--an atomistic perspective.

John S Tse1, Dennis D Klug

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B2. john.tse@usask.ca

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|May 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Amorphous ices transform from crystalline ice via mechanical instability. Densification and conversion between amorphous ice forms are relaxation and mechanical processes, respectively, driven by proton reorientation barriers.

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A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity
08:46

Determining the Ice-binding Planes of Antifreeze Proteins by Fluorescence-based Ice Plane Affinity

Published on: January 15, 2014

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization
08:01

A Microfluidic Approach for the Study of Ice and Clathrate Hydrate Crystallization

Published on: August 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Amorphous ices are non-crystalline solid forms of water.
  • Understanding their formation and properties is crucial for various scientific fields.
  • The relationship between crystalline and amorphous ice phases remains an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an atomistic perspective on the transformation between crystalline ice Ih and amorphous ices (HDA and LDA).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing the densification of high-density amorphous (HDA) ice and the conversion to low-density amorphous (LDA) ice.

Main Methods:

  • Atomistic viewpoint analysis.
  • Thermodynamic and kinetic considerations of phase transformations.
  • Examination of structural instabilities and relaxation processes.

Main Results:

  • High-density amorphous (HDA) ice formation from crystalline ice Ih is attributed to mechanical instability.
  • Densification of HDA ice under pressure is a relaxation process.
  • Conversion to low-density amorphous (LDA) ice upon pressure release is also a mechanical process.

Conclusions:

  • Amorphous ices are metastable, frustrated structures.
  • Proton reorientation barriers in forming crystalline polymorphs contribute to amorphous ice stability.
  • The interplay between mechanical processes and proton dynamics governs ice phase transformations.