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Related Concept Videos

Conditioned Taste Aversion01:14

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Conditioned taste aversion, also known as sauce béarnaise syndrome, is a phenomenon in which an individual develops an aversion to a certain food taste following a negative experience, typically illness. This form of aversion is a type of classical conditioning in which the taste of the food (conditioned stimulus, CS) is associated with the experience of illness (unconditioned stimulus, UCS).
A notable characteristic of conditioned taste aversion is that it often requires only a single exposure...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
The Physiology of Taste01:24

The Physiology of Taste

The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the diffusion of...
Taste Buds and Receptors01:20

Taste Buds and Receptors

Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
07:23

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

Age-dependent differences in morphine-induced taste aversions.

Zachary E Hurwitz1, Andrew P Merluzzi, Anthony L Riley

  • 1Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, 4400 Mass. Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20016,USA. zh7104a@american.edu

Developmental Psychobiology
|May 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Adult rats develop stronger conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) to morphine than adolescent rats. These findings highlight age-dependent differences in drug aversive effects, impacting drug intake during development.

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Published on: August 1, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Adolescence is a critical neurodevelopmental period.
  • Drug use and abuse depend on a drug's rewarding and aversive effects.
  • Age-related differences in aversive effects may influence drug intake.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-dependent differences in morphine-induced conditioned taste aversions (CTAs) in rats.
  • To compare CTA acquisition in adolescent and adult rats under varying deprivation conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Rats (adolescent and adult) were offered a novel saccharin solution.
  • Morphine sulfate (0, 3.2, 10, 18 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered post-drinking.
  • A two-bottle aversion test assessed saccharin preference.

Main Results:

  • Adult rats acquired stronger and faster morphine-induced CTAs than adolescent rats.
  • Both age groups showed reduced saccharin intake after morphine injection compared to controls.
  • Adults exhibited significantly stronger aversions than adolescents across deprivation conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Morphine's aversive effects are less pronounced in adolescent rats compared to adults.
  • These age-dependent differences in CTAs align with findings for other drugs of abuse.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for addressing adolescent substance use and abuse.