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Related Concept Videos

Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
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Sulfation and α-amino acid conjugation are two critical biotransformation reactions in drug metabolism. Sulfation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, involves adding a polar sulfate group to a drug, enhancing its water solubility and promoting excretion. This process can either co-occur with or occur independently of glucuronidation. Nonmicrosomal sulfotransferase enzymes catalyze the process. The reaction involves 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate or PAPS coenzyme activation, sulfur...
Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), also known as mucopolysaccharides, are long and linear polymers comprising of specific repeating disaccharides - the amino sugar that can be N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine, and a uronic acid that is usually glucuronic acid or iduronic acid.
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Hyaluronic...

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Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines
12:06

Metabolic Glycoengineering of Sialic Acid Using N-acyl-modified Mannosamines

Published on: November 25, 2017

Sialic acid utilization.

Norbert Sprenger1, Peter I Duncan

  • 1Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland. norbert.sprenger@rdls.nestle.com

Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)
|May 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Milk sialic acid is a vital nutrient for newborns, as their bodies cannot produce enough. This essential sugar also plays a crucial role in aging, supporting sialylation in the elderly.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Milk is the primary nutrient source for newborns, with sialic acid being a key evolutionary component.
  • Sialic acid is found on glycoconjugates and free glycans, crucial for biological functions.
  • Both early development and aging exhibit significant needs for sialic acid, potentially exceeding endogenous production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional role of dietary sialic acid in early development and aging.
  • To explore sialic acid's necessity as a conditional nutrient for newborns.
  • To understand the implications of decreased sialylation in the elderly and the potential benefits of dietary sialic acid.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data on sialic acid metabolism and function.
  • Analysis of sialic acid's role in neonatal nutrition.
  • Examination of sialylation changes in the elderly and their relation to dietary intake.

Main Results:

  • Neonatal sialic acid requirements are high and may not be met by endogenous synthesis alone.
  • Milk-derived sialic acid is proposed as a crucial conditional nutrient for infants.
  • Decreased sialylation is observed in the elderly, suggesting a potential need for dietary sialic acid.

Conclusions:

  • Sialic acid from milk serves as a critical dietary nutrient for newborns.
  • Dietary sialic acid is proposed to have a functional role beyond just being a building block for sialylation.
  • Sialic acid supplementation may be beneficial for both neonatal development and mitigating age-related decline in sialylation.