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Related Concept Videos

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors01:30

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a vital component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is abundant in lung endothelial cells. ACE converts the inactive decapeptide, angiotensin I, into the active octapeptide, angiotensin II. This potent vasoconstrictor narrows blood vessels, increasing resistance to blood flow and elevating blood pressure. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone production, encouraging kidney cells to reabsorb more sodium and water from urine, thereby increasing...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
Structure of Blood Vessels01:15

Structure of Blood Vessels

Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Visualizing Leukocyte Rolling and Adhesion in Angiotensin II-Infused Mice: Techniques and Pitfalls
10:16

Visualizing Leukocyte Rolling and Adhesion in Angiotensin II-Infused Mice: Techniques and Pitfalls

Published on: January 4, 2018

Vascular inflammatory cells in hypertension.

David G Harrison1, Paul J Marvar, Jens M Titze

  • 1Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA.

Frontiers in Physiology
|May 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The immune system, particularly macrophages and T cells, plays a crucial role in hypertension development. Modulating these immune cells offers new therapeutic strategies for high blood pressure.

Keywords:
T cellsblood pressuredendritic cellsinterleukin 17interleukin 6macrophagessuperoxidesympathetic nerves

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Imaging Leukocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium at High Intraluminal Pressure
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Intracellular Staining and Flow Cytometry to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets within Murine Aorta, Kidney and Lymph Nodes in a Model of Hypertension
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Intracellular Staining and Flow Cytometry to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets within Murine Aorta, Kidney and Lymph Nodes in a Model of Hypertension

Published on: January 28, 2017

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Visualizing Leukocyte Rolling and Adhesion in Angiotensin II-Infused Mice: Techniques and Pitfalls
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Published on: January 4, 2018

Imaging Leukocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium at High Intraluminal Pressure
06:20

Imaging Leukocyte Adhesion to the Vascular Endothelium at High Intraluminal Pressure

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Intracellular Staining and Flow Cytometry to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets within Murine Aorta, Kidney and Lymph Nodes in a Model of Hypertension
09:20

Intracellular Staining and Flow Cytometry to Identify Lymphocyte Subsets within Murine Aorta, Kidney and Lymph Nodes in a Model of Hypertension

Published on: January 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Hypertension is a prevalent disorder with complex and often unclear causes.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the significant involvement of both innate and adaptive immune systems in hypertension pathogenesis.
  • Immune cell infiltration in organs like the kidney and vasculature is observed in hypertensive conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of immune system components, specifically macrophages and T cells, in the development of hypertension.
  • To explore the impact of immune cell activation and signaling on renal and vascular function in hypertension.
  • To identify novel therapeutic targets within the immune system for managing hypertension and its complications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies investigating immune cell accumulation (macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells) in hypertensive models and patients.
  • Analysis of the effects of immunosuppressive agents and lymphocyte-deficient models on blood pressure.
  • Examination of the role of central nervous system signals in immune cell activation and cytokine release (e.g., IL-6, IL-17).

Main Results:

  • Mice lacking lymphocytes are protected from hypertension; adoptive transfer of T cells restores blood pressure.
  • Mice lacking macrophages exhibit blunted hypertension, and genetic deletion of macrophages reduces experimental hypertension.
  • Central nervous system signals appear to activate immune cells, leading to cytokine release and subsequent renal and vascular dysfunction.

Conclusions:

  • Immune cells, including macrophages and T cells, are integral to the pathophysiology of hypertension.
  • Targeting immune system components presents promising avenues for novel hypertension therapies.
  • Understanding the interplay between the central nervous system and immune responses is key to managing hypertension.