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Related Concept Videos

Damped Oscillations01:07

Damped Oscillations

In the real world, oscillations seldom follow true simple harmonic motion. A system that continues its motion indefinitely without losing its amplitude is termed undamped. However, friction of some sort usually dampens the motion, so it fades away or needs more force to continue. For example, a guitar string stops oscillating a few seconds after being plucked. Similarly, one must continually push a swing to keep a child swinging on a playground.
Although friction and other non-conservative...
Forced Oscillations01:06

Forced Oscillations

When an oscillator is forced with a periodic driving force, the motion may seem chaotic. The motions of such oscillators are known as transients. After the transients die out, the oscillator reaches a steady state, where the motion is periodic, and the displacement is determined.
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
Energy Diagrams - I01:14

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the interpretation of the dynamics of the system becomes even simpler.
Take the example of a skater on a parabolic ramp. The potential energy at different points along the ramp will be proportional to the height of the ramp, which varies quadratically with the horizontal position on the ramp. As the skater moves down the ramp from the highest position,...
Mechanical Systems01:22

Mechanical Systems

Mechanical systems are analogous to to electrical networks where springs and masses play similar roles to inductors and capacitors, respectively. A viscous damper in mechanical systems functions similarly to a resistor in electrical networks, dissipating energy. The forces acting on a mass in such systems include an applied force in the direction of motion, counteracted by forces from the spring, a viscous damper, and the mass's acceleration. This interplay of forces is mathematically described...
Second Order systems II01:18

Second Order systems II

In an underdamped second-order system, where the damping ratio ζ is between 0 and 1, a unit-step input results in a transfer function that, when transformed using the inverse Laplace method, reveals the output response. The output exhibits a damped sinusoidal oscillation, and the difference between the input and output is termed the error signal. This error signal also demonstrates damped oscillatory behavior. Eventually, as the system reaches a steady state, the error diminishes to zero.
If  ζ...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Entropic dynamical hysteresis in a driven system.

Debasish Mondal1, Moupriya Das, Deb Shankar Ray

  • 1Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A time-periodic field applied to a Brownian particle in a bilobal enclosure creates a hysteresis loop. This dynamical hysteresis is geometry-controlled and shows symmetry breaking, with loop area varying with field frequency.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Statistical physics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Non-equilibrium thermodynamics

Background:

  • Brownian motion describes the random movement of particles suspended in a fluid.
  • Understanding particle dynamics in confined geometries is crucial for various fields.
  • Hysteresis phenomena are observed in systems driven by periodic fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior of a Brownian particle driven by a time-periodic field within a two-dimensional bilobal enclosure.
  • To characterize the resulting dynamical hysteresis and its dependence on the enclosure geometry and field parameters.
  • To explore the role of symmetry breaking and entropic effects in this driven system.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating the motion of a Brownian particle subjected to a time-periodic external field.
  • Confining the particle within a specific two-dimensional bilobal enclosure.
  • Analyzing the integrated probability of residence and its relationship with the applied field, focusing on hysteresis loop formation.

Main Results:

  • A distinct hysteresis loop was observed in the integrated probability of residence as a function of the applied field.
  • Symmetry breaking of the hysteresis loop was identified as a characteristic feature of the particle's confinement.
  • The area of the hysteresis loop exhibited a turnover behavior with variations in the driving field's frequency.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates geometry-controlled dynamical hysteresis in a driven Brownian system.
  • The observed phenomena are entropic in nature and can be theoretically analyzed using a two-state model.
  • This work provides insights into non-equilibrium statistical mechanics and particle dynamics in complex environments.