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Related Concept Videos

Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

Overview
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...

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Rapid Analysis of Chromosome Aberrations in Mouse B Lymphocytes by PNA-FISH
07:54

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Published on: August 19, 2014

Marker chromosomes.

Kiran Prabhaker Rao1, Victoria Belogolovkin

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.

Fetal and Pediatric Pathology
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marker chromosomes present diagnostic challenges in prenatal testing due to variable outcomes. This review clarifies their classification, diagnosis, and genetic counseling for better clinical prediction.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Prenatal Diagnosis
  • Human Chromosome Abnormalities

Background:

  • Marker chromosomes are structurally abnormal, heterogeneous chromosomes.
  • They pose significant challenges in prenatal diagnosis due to unpredictable phenotypes.
  • Clinical outcomes for fetuses with marker chromosomes range widely from normal to severely abnormal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the classification, etiology, and cytogenetic characterization of marker chromosomes.
  • To discuss the clinical consequences and variability of phenotypes associated with marker chromosomes.
  • To outline practical approaches for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling regarding marker chromosomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on marker chromosomes.
  • Analysis of cytogenetic data and phenotypic outcomes.
  • Synthesis of information on diagnostic strategies and genetic counseling.

Main Results:

  • Marker chromosomes are diverse, making prenatal diagnosis difficult.
  • Phenotypic variability is high, complicating outcome prediction.
  • Established classification and characterization methods exist.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate classification and cytogenetic characterization are crucial for understanding marker chromosomes.
  • Prenatal diagnosis requires careful consideration of variability.
  • Improved genetic counseling is needed for informed decision-making.