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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...

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Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis
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Overcoming the "coffee-stain" effect by compositional Marangoni-flow-assisted drop-drying.

Mainak Majumder1, Clint S Rendall, J Alexander Eukel

  • 1Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Uniform nanoparticle films are achieved by drying droplets in ethanol vapor, overcoming the coffee-stain effect. This simple method enables controlled deposition for applications like carbon nanotube growth and plasmonic films.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Drop-drying nanoparticles often results in non-uniform films due to the coffee-stain effect caused by convective flow.
  • Macroscopic flow towards the contact line during evaporation leads to particle aggregation at the droplet edge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple and effective method for achieving uniform nanoparticle film deposition.
  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of nanoparticle deposition during controlled drying.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an ethanol vapor atmosphere to control the drying process of aqueous nanoparticle suspensions.
  • Visualizing droplet shape and internal fluid flow dynamics during spreading and shrinkage.
  • Applying the technique to various surfaces including glass, silicon, mica, PDMS, and Teflon.

Main Results:

  • Achieved uniform nanoparticle deposition, overcoming the coffee-stain effect on diverse substrates.
  • Observed initial droplet spreading driven by ethanol absorption and subsequent recirculating flow.
  • Demonstrated preferential water evaporation at the contact line, creating surface tension gradients that drive flow and homogenize particle concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Drying nanoparticle suspensions in an ethanol vapor atmosphere is an effective method for uniform film deposition.
  • The technique facilitates the creation of well-spaced, unaggregated nanoparticle films for advanced applications.
  • This approach is suitable for fabricating catalyst nanoparticles for single-walled carbon nanotube growth and for manufacturing plasmonic films.