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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Swimming-Induced Zebrafish Exercise Apparatus for Versatile Training Approaches
10:34

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Published on: October 18, 2024

Exercise-training intervention studies in competitive swimming.

Stian Thoresen Aspenes1, Trine Karlsen

  • 1K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine and Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. stiaspen@gmail.com

Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heavy strength training and resisted sprint swimming show promise for improving competitive swimming performance. Lower training volumes with higher intensity may be more beneficial than high volumes for swimmers.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Swimming Biomechanics

Background:

  • Competitive swimming is a major Olympic sport with unique physiological demands.
  • Swimmers require specific adaptations and extensive training, including strength and aerobic/anaerobic conditioning.
  • Understanding the impact of various training interventions is crucial for performance enhancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review results from controlled exercise training trials in competitive swimming.
  • To identify effective training strategies for improving swimming performance and mechanics.
  • To highlight gaps in current research on intervention-based swimming training.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a structured literature search for controlled intervention studies in competitive swimming.
  • Included studies focused on strength training, resisted/assisted sprint swimming, and other specific training modalities.
  • Analyzed 17 eligible studies, including nine randomized controlled trials.

Main Results:

  • Heavy dry-land strength training (1-5 RM) and resisted sprint swimming demonstrated potential for performance enhancement.
  • Largest effect sizes were observed with dry-land strength training (ES 1.05) and resisted/assisted sprint training (ES 1.21) for 50m freestyle.
  • High training volumes may not offer advantages over lower volumes with higher intensity.

Conclusions:

  • Specific training interventions like heavy strength training and resisted sprints appear effective for competitive swimmers.
  • Further research is needed to address the many unanswered questions in intervention-based swimming research.
  • This review aims to stimulate more research into the physiology of competitive swimming.