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Related Concept Videos

Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a stethoscope.
Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation.
Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System01:18

Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an intricate network of nerves that controls functions such as the regulation of heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure regulation. When this system malfunctions, it can lead to various disorders that affect multiple bodily functions. One common feature of many autonomic disorders is the involvement of smooth blood vessels, which play a crucial role in regulating blood flow throughout the body.
Raynaud's disease, also known as Raynaud's phenomenon, is a...
Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure01:30

Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure

Direct Method
This invasive approach involves cannulating a peripheral artery. During each cardiac contraction, pressure generates mechanical motion within the catheter, transmitted through rigid, fluid-filled tubing to a transducer. This transducer converts mechanical motion into electrical signals displayed as waveforms on a monitor. An automatic flushing system prevents blood backflow. Due to the potential risk of unexpected arterial blood loss, this method is primarily used in intensive...
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics in a Large Animal Model of ARDS
08:12

Invasive Hemodynamic Monitoring of Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Hemodynamics in a Large Animal Model of ARDS

Published on: November 26, 2018

Hemodynamic consequences of auto-PEEP.

David Berlin1

  • 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a serious issue in critically ill patients, potentially causing shock. Treatment involves addressing airflow obstruction and adjusting ventilation, with sedation and fluids as supportive care.

Keywords:
Auto–positive end-expiratory pressuredynamic hyperinflationmechanical ventilationshock

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a prevalent complication in mechanically ventilated patients.
  • It often goes unrecognized despite significant physiological consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence, pathophysiology, and hemodynamic effects of auto-PEEP.
  • To outline an approach for the diagnosis and treatment of auto-PEEP.

Main Methods:

  • This is an analytic review.
  • Literature search on auto-PEEP in critically ill patients.

Main Results:

  • Auto-PEEP can lead to hemodynamic instability, including shock and cardiac arrest.
  • Expiratory airflow obstruction is a key factor in auto-PEEP development.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of auto-PEEP requires identifying and relieving expiratory airflow obstruction.
  • Reducing minute ventilation and utilizing adjunctive therapies like sedation and fluid management are crucial.