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Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Minimal Invasive Resection of Large Retrosternal Thyroid Goiter

Published on: September 20, 2024

Emergency thyroidectomy for a bleeding multinodular goitre.

Irfan Mohamad¹, Shah Jihan Wan Din

¹Department Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, School Of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences : MJMS

|May 17, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A rare emergency presentation of multinodular goitre involved acute bleeding from a thyroid mass. Thyroidectomy was the definitive treatment to control the life-threatening hemorrhage.

Keywords:

Goitre bleeding medical sciences thyroidectomy

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Surgical Oncology

Background:

Goitre, a thyroid mass, typically grows slowly.
Emergency presentations are uncommon, but rapid enlargement can occur due to infection or bleeding.

Observation:

A patient with long-standing multinodular goitre presented with acute bleeding from a left-sided thyroid mass.
The bleeding was continuous and did not respond to initial management.

Findings:

Acute intralesional bleeding can transform a slow-growing goitre into a medical emergency.
Surgical intervention, specifically thyroidectomy, was required to achieve hemostasis.

Implications:

This case highlights the potential for rapid, life-threatening complications in patients with multinodular goitre.
Prompt surgical management may be necessary for intractable bleeding from thyroid masses.