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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents01:11

Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds with Multiple Substituents

When more than one substituent is present on the benzene ring, the IUPAC nomenclature depends on the number of substituents present.
For disubstituted benzene derivatives, with two groups attached to the benzene ring, three constitutional isomers are possible. For example, consider dimethyl benzene, often called xylene, where the second methyl group can be substituted at the second, third, or fourth carbon. The relative position of the substituents is represented by prefixes ortho, meta, or...

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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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4-Chloro-N-methyl-benzamide.

Juan Yuan1, Yan-Ju Liu

  • 1Pharmacy College, Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450008, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals the crystal structure of C(8)H(8)ClNO, detailing how two molecules link via hydrogen bonds. These interactions form chains, influencing the compound's solid-state arrangement and molecular geometry.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Solid-state chemistry
  • Molecular structure analysis

Background:

  • Understanding the intermolecular forces governing crystal packing is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • The specific arrangement of molecules in the solid state influences chemical reactivity and physical characteristics.
  • Detailed structural analysis provides fundamental insights into molecular interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(8)H(8)ClNO.
  • To identify and characterize the intermolecular interactions present in the crystal lattice.
  • To determine the conformational preferences of the independent molecules within the crystal structure.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.

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  • Hydrogen bond analysis (N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O) was performed to identify key intermolecular contacts.
  • Dihedral angles between the benzene ring and the amide group were measured for independent molecules.

    • Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules of C(8)H(8)ClNO.
    • These molecules are interconnected by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming extended chains along the b-axis.
    • Additional C-H⋯O contacts were observed, contributing to the overall crystal packing.
    • Dihedral angles reveal distinct orientations of the amide group relative to the benzene ring (5.9° and 16.7°) in the two molecules.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(8)H(8)ClNO is characterized by hydrogen-bonded chains, highlighting the role of N-H⋯O interactions in directing self-assembly.
    • The presence of two independent molecules with different conformations suggests conformational flexibility in the solid state.
    • The observed C-H⋯O contacts further stabilize the crystal lattice, providing a comprehensive understanding of the compound's solid-state behavior.