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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Foot Ulcer01:31

Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Definition A diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a chronic, non-healing wound that develops in individuals with diabetes. It typically occurs on pressure-bearing areas such as the heel, metatarsal heads, or hallux, and carries a high risk of infection and amputation.Pathophysiology • The development of DFUs can be explained by four interconnected mechanisms: neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. • Neuropathy is the most common factor. Sensory neuropathy reduces pain perception,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Corneal Sensitivity Testing Procedure for Ophthalmologic and Optometric Patients
04:00

Corneal Sensitivity Testing Procedure for Ophthalmologic and Optometric Patients

Published on: August 2, 2024

Assessing corneal nerve structure and function in diabetic neuropathy.

Mitra Tavakoli1, Ioannis N Petropoulos, Rayaz A Malik

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. mitra.tavakoli@manchester.ac.uk

Clinical & Experimental Optometry
|May 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy can be diagnosed and monitored using novel eye imaging techniques. Corneal confocal microscopy and corneal aesthesiometry offer non-invasive methods to assess nerve health and treatment effectiveness.

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Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
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Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies

Published on: January 3, 2011

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Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies
11:29

Corneal Confocal Microscopy: A Novel Non-invasive Technique to Quantify Small Fibre Pathology in Peripheral Neuropathies

Published on: January 3, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Diabetology

Background:

  • Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) requires accurate detection for patient management and therapy assessment.
  • Ophthalmic techniques offer promising non-invasive methods for DPN evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic and therapeutic assessment capabilities of corneal confocal microscopy and corneal aesthesiometry for DPN.
  • To critique the rationale, practical application, and analysis of these ophthalmic techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Corneal confocal microscopy for quantifying corneal nerve morphology.
  • Non-contact corneal aesthesiometry for assessing corneal sensitivity.
  • Critical review of instrumentation, image interpretation, and analysis protocols.

Main Results:

  • Both techniques show potential for diagnosing DPN and quantifying its severity.
  • These methods can assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions for DPN.
  • The review critically evaluates the current application and future deployment of these tests.

Conclusions:

  • Corneal confocal microscopy and corneal aesthesiometry are valuable non-invasive tools for DPN diagnosis and management.
  • Further evaluation is needed to optimize their clinical deployment for various peripheral neuropathies.