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Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...

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Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase
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Preparation of SNS Cobalt(II) Pincer Model Complexes of Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Published on: March 19, 2020

Lead(II) complex formation with glutathione.

Vicky Mah1, Farideh Jalilehvand

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.

Inorganic Chemistry
|May 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how lead(II) ions bind with glutathione (GSH) in both solid and aqueous states. Lead-S bonds are key, forming complexes like dimeric species and triglutathionyllead(II) at various GSH concentrations.

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Glutathione (GSH) is the primary non-protein thiol in biological systems, crucial for cellular defense against oxidative stress and heavy metal detoxification.
  • Lead (Pb(2+)) is a toxic heavy metal that can interfere with biological processes, and understanding its interaction with biomolecules like GSH is vital.
  • Structural characterization of metal-ligand complexes provides fundamental insights into biological interactions and potential therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To structurally investigate the complexes formed between lead(II) ions and glutathione (GSH) in aqueous solutions and solid states.
  • To determine the coordination environment and bonding distances of lead in these complexes.
  • To elucidate the speciation of lead-glutathione complexes at different molar ratios and conditions.

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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Published on: April 9, 2018

Main Methods:

  • Pb L(III)-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy for bond distance determination.
  • UV-vis spectroscopy to characterize ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) bands.
  • Electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) and (207)Pb NMR spectroscopy for complex identification and characterization.

Main Results:

  • In the solid state, a [Pb(AH(2))]ClO(4) compound showed Pb-S and Pb-O bonds, with Pb-Pb interactions indicating dimeric species bridged by thiolate groups.
  • In aqueous solution (pH 8.5), Pb(II) formed complexes with two thiolate ligands (GSH/Pb(II) = 2.0), exhibiting a characteristic S(-) → Pb(2+) LMCT band.
  • At higher GSH/Pb(II) ratios (≥ 3.0), a triglutathionyllead(II) complex (PbS(3)) was identified, persisting in excess GSH and at low temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the structural diversity of lead(II)-glutathione complexes, highlighting the formation of Pb-S bonds as a primary interaction.
  • Complex speciation is dependent on the GSH/Pb(II) molar ratio, with distinct structural motifs observed in solid and solution states.
  • These findings contribute to understanding lead detoxification mechanisms and the structural basis of metal-thiol interactions in biological systems.