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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate. The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...
Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids

Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods
05:41

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

Published on: February 11, 2016

Particle formation during oxidation catalysis with Cp* iridium complexes.

Ulrich Hintermair1, Sara M Hashmi, Menachem Elimelech

  • 1Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Iridium(III) precursors with chelate ligands resist nanoparticle formation during oxidation catalysis, indicating molecular catalysis. Deep purple-blue color does not signify particle formation in these systems.

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Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation
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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods
05:41

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Published on: February 11, 2016

Accessing Valuable Ligand Supports for Transition Metals: A Modified, Intermediate Scale Preparation of 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene
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Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation
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Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

Published on: July 18, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Nanomaterials Science

Background:

  • Iridium(III) complexes are widely used as catalysts in oxidation reactions.
  • Understanding catalyst stability and potential nanoparticle formation is crucial for reaction efficiency and reproducibility.
  • Previous studies suggested color changes indicate nanoparticle formation in similar systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate nanoparticle formation during oxidation catalysis using various Cp*Ir(III) precursors.
  • To determine if observed color changes correlate with nanoparticle formation.
  • To elucidate the nature of catalysis (molecular vs. heterogeneous) under different conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Real-time monitoring of light scattering and UV-vis spectroscopy.
  • Synthesis and characterization of four different Cp*Ir(III) precursors.
  • Oxidation catalysis experiments using sodium periodate (NaIO(4)) as the oxidant.
  • Analysis of isolated particles and comparison with spectroscopic data.

Main Results:

  • Cp*Ir(III) complexes with chelate ligands (bipyridine, phenylpyridine, pyridyl-propanolate) showed high resistance to nanoparticle formation.
  • Catalysis with these ligand-bearing complexes is likely molecular.
  • Nanoparticle formation for a hydroxo/aqua complex was condition-dependent.
  • A deep purple-blue color (~580 nm) was observed but did not indicate nanoparticle formation.

Conclusions:

  • Chelate ligands enhance the stability of Cp*Ir(III) precursors against nanoparticle formation during oxidation catalysis.
  • The catalytic mechanism for stable complexes is molecular.
  • The previously suggested colorimetric indicator for nanoparticle formation is unreliable for these iridium systems.