Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 22, 2026
12:06
Synthesis of High Purity Nonsymmetric Dialkylphosphinic Acid Extractants
Published on: October 19, 2017
Bis(adamantan-1-aminium) carbonate
Monika Nowakowska1, Caryn Gamble, Demetrius C Levendis
1Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, PO Wits 2050, South Africa.
Summary
The crystal structure of adamantan-1-aminium carbonate reveals a layered arrangement. Hydrogen bonds between the cation and carbonate ions create layers with adamantane groups on the surface.
Area of Science:
- Crystallography
- Supramolecular Chemistry
Background:
- Understanding the self-assembly of organic cations and inorganic anions is crucial in crystal engineering.
- Adamantane derivatives are known for their unique cage-like structures and potential applications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate the crystal structure and hydrogen bonding network of adamantan-1-aminium carbonate.
- To investigate the packing arrangement and intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.
Main Methods:
- Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was performed.
- The crystal structure was solved and refined to determine atomic positions and bonding.
Main Results:
- The adamantan-1-aminium cation and carbonate anion form a layered structure parallel to the (001) plane.
- Three N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link each cation to three carbonate ions, stabilizing the layers.
- Adamantane groups are exposed on the layer surfaces, with adjacent layers interacting via weak C-H⋯H-C contacts.
Conclusions:
- The study reveals a well-defined supramolecular architecture driven by hydrogen bonding.
- The crystal packing highlights the role of the adamantane cage in directing intermolecular interactions.
Related Concept Videos
01:17Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of ɑ-Receptor Blockers
Adrenergic antagonists, or sympatholytics, inhibit adrenoceptor activation driven by catecholamines or agonists. Based on their adrenoceptor specificity, adrenergic blockers can be categorized into two primary groups: α-adrenergic blockers (α-blockers) and β-adrenergic blockers (β-blockers). α-blockers interact with α1 and α2 subtypes of α-adrenoceptors.
Nonselective α-blockers: Nonselective α-blockers contain haloalkylamine or imidazoline moieties. Phenoxybenzamine, with a haloalkylamine...
Nonselective α-blockers: Nonselective α-blockers contain haloalkylamine or imidazoline moieties. Phenoxybenzamine, with a haloalkylamine...
01:16Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship
Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
01:25Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of β-Receptor Blockers
β-adrenergic antagonists, or β-blockers, modulate the sympathetic nervous system by targeting β-adrenoceptors and inhibiting catecholamine-mediated sympathetic responses. β-blockers differ in their adrenoceptor subtype affinity, lipophilicity, and α-blocking capabilities. The history of β-blocker development began with the prototype, dichloroisoprenaline, which exhibited partial agonist activity. As a result, propranolol was developed as a pure antagonist but nonselective agent, paving the way...
01:19Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
01:19Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines
Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
01:31Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers
Third-generation β-blockers, such as labetalol and carvedilol, represent a significant advancement in managing cardiovascular conditions. Unlike conventional β-blockers, which can induce peripheral vasoconstriction, third-generation drugs block α1 adrenoceptors. This promotes vasodilation through several mechanisms, such as increased nitric oxide production, inhibition of calcium ion entry, opening of potassium ion channels, and antioxidant action. Labetalol, for instance, is clinically...