Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the para position.
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Anions: Structural Overview

Neutral hydrocarbons like cyclopentadiene with an odd number of carbon atoms and one intervening CH2 group in the ring are not aromatic. Cyclopentadiene with 4 π electrons does not satisfy the 4n + 2 π electron rule. Additionally, the intervening CH2 group is sp3 hybridized and lacks a vacant p orbital, thereby interrupting the overlap of p orbitals in a continuous manner and preventing the delocalization of π electrons throughout the ring.
Due to the absence of continuous overlap of p...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Retraction notice to "Effect of soil texture and zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and accumulation of cadmium by wheat; a life cycle study" [Environ. Res. 216 (2023)114397].

Environmental research·2026
Same author

Achieving high-quality and safe compost: a study on multi-optimization of a non-linear system using machine learning.

Bioresource technology·2026
Same author

Baseline fluorodeoxyglucose PET/computed tomography volumetric parameters predict response to transarterial radioembolization in primary and metastatic liver tumors.

Nuclear medicine communications·2026
Same author

Diagnostic Value of <sup>68</sup>Ga-FAPI PET/CT Versus <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET/CT in Laryngeal Cancer Staging.

Molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy·2026
Same author

Evaluation of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT-derived parameters in thyroid nodules with emphasis on indeterminate cytology.

The British journal of radiology·2026
Same author

DFT insights into the photovoltaic performance of A-π-A non-fullerene acceptors for organic solar cells.

Scientific reports·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
14:11

Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

Published on: June 10, 2021

3,4-Dimethyl-pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-6(2H)-one.

Bilal Shahid, Muhammad Zia-Ur-Rehman, Muhammad Nadeem Arshad

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of C(8)H(8)N(2)O(2), revealing two independent molecules. These molecules form zigzag chains through hydrogen bonding and are further linked into a network by weak interactions.

    More Related Videos

    Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines
    05:07

    Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

    Published on: June 23, 2019

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
    06:46

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 22, 2026

    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach
    14:11

    Synthesis of pH Dependent Pyrazole, Imidazole, and Isoindolone Dipyrrinone Fluorophores using a Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Approach

    Published on: June 10, 2021

    Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines
    05:07

    Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

    Published on: June 23, 2019

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
    06:46

    Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

    Published on: June 21, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular structure determination
    • Supramolecular chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular arrangements in the solid state is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding and other intermolecular forces dictate crystal packing and network formation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the compound C(8)H(8)N(2)O(2).
    • To analyze the intermolecular interactions governing the crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of atomic coordinates and bond distances/angles to identify non-hydrogen atoms lying in a common plane.
    • Identification and characterization of hydrogen bonds (N-H⋯O) and weak interactions (C-H⋯O).

    Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules of C(8)H(8)N(2)O(2).
    • All non-hydrogen atoms in each molecule are planar, with root-mean-square deviations of 0.014 and 0.017 Å.
    • Molecules are assembled into zigzag chains along the [10-1] direction via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
    • These chains are interconnected into an infinite network through weak C-H⋯O interactions.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of C(8)H(8)N(2)O(2) is characterized by planar molecular conformations.
    • Intermolecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯O interactions are key in organizing the molecules into a 3D network.