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Related Concept Videos

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...
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Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes02:41

Formation of Halohydrin from Alkenes

An alkene, such as propene, reacts with bromine in the presence of water to yield a halohydrin. Halohydrins contain a halogen and a hydroxyl group attached to adjacent carbons. When the halogen is bromine, it is called a bromohydrin, while a chlorohydrin has chlorine as the halogen.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition01:11

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles. However, nucleophilic aromatic substitutions can be forced under certain conditions, such as high temperatures or strong bases. The mechanism of substitution under such conditions involves the highly unstable and reactive benzyne intermediate. Benzyne contains equivalent carbon centers at both ends of the triple bond, each of which is equally susceptible to nucleophilic attack. This 50–50 distribution of products is confirmed through isotopic...
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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Published on: July 30, 2017

2-Chloro-benzohydrazide.

Shakeel Ahmad, Abdul Jabbar, Muhammad Tahir Hussain

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |May 19, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the crystal structure of a chloro-phenyl formic hydrazide derivative. Molecules form polymeric chains through hydrogen bonding, revealing specific structural arrangements in the solid state.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Organic Chemistry
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Understanding the solid-state structure of organic compounds is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
    • Formic hydrazide derivatives are important building blocks in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(7)H(7)ClN(2)O.
    • To analyze the molecular geometry, intermolecular interactions, and packing arrangements in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
    • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, dihedral angles, and hydrogen bonding networks was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The asymmetric unit contains two molecules with near-planar chloro-phenyl and formic hydrazide units.
    • Dihedral angles between these units are approximately 56.8° and 56.9°.
    • Molecules are arranged in polymeric chains along the [010] direction, stabilized by N-H⋯O and N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds forming R(3)(3)(10) ring motifs.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure reveals a specific arrangement of C(7)H(7)ClN(2)O molecules in the solid state.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in the formation of one-dimensional polymeric chains.
    • The detailed structural information provides a basis for further investigations into the compound's properties and potential applications.