Development of the retina in the porcine fetus. A light microscopic study

Morphogenesis of the porcine retina was studied using light microscopy from 4 weeks of gestation until birth (18 to 310 mm crown-rump length), and compared with the adult stage (6 months). Tissue samples were examined from the posterior and peripheral parts of the retina. At 18 mm the retina consists of an inner marginal layer and an outer layer of neuroblastic cells. At 18-40 mm the latter layer is divided into an inner and an outer neuroblastic layer by the transient layer of Chievitz. Subsequently, the development of the different retinal layers begins at the inner retinal border and moves progressively outwards; it also spreads from the posterior to the peripheral part of the neural retina. Many cells of the inner neuroblastic layer are prospective ganglionic cells which migrate inwards, thus forming the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer at 90 mm. At 120 mm, primitive horizontal cells appear within the outer neuroblastic layer. Separation of this layer into the inner nuclear, outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers is first evident at 180 mm. At this stage all retinal layers are present, except the layer of the photoreceptor cells which is not widespread until at 220 mm. The inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells lengthen considerably during the last month of gestation. During the late fetal stage the nerve fiber layer, the inner and outer plexiform layers and the layer of rods and cones all continue to increase in thickness. Concurrently, the ganglion cell layer and the inner and outer nuclear layers have reached their maximal thickness and become thinner. After the total thickness of the neural retina amounts to approximately 180 microns at two to three weeks before birth, it then thins to approximately 160 microns in the adult stage.