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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Published on: August 15, 2010

Is external memory memory? Biological memory and extended mind.

Kourken Michaelian¹

¹Philosophy Department, Bilkent University, Turkey. kmichaelian@bilkent.edu.tr

Consciousness and Cognition

|May 22, 2012

Summary

External resources like notebooks are not true memory, as they don't meet biological memory criteria. This challenges extended mind theories and redefines memory function.

Area of Science:

Cognitive Science
Philosophy of Mind
Neuroscience

Background:

Clark and Chalmers (1998) proposed criteria for external resources to qualify as memory.
These criteria include constant access, direct availability, automatic endorsement, and storage through endorsement.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the adequacy of Clark and Chalmers' criteria for external memory.
To propose a more psychologically realistic and functionally accurate account of memory.

Main Methods:

Analysis of existing research on forgetting and metamemory.
Comparison of biological memory with proposed external memory criteria.
Examination of the functional roles of memory in cognition.

Main Results:

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Biological memory fails to meet most of the proposed external memory criteria.
Even with more realistic criteria, external resources do not fully capture memory's function.
External memory performs distinct functions not replicated by biological memory.

Conclusions:

External resources, despite their utility, do not function as memory.
This finding has significant implications for extended mind theorizing and memory research.
A re-evaluation of the definition and function of memory is necessary.