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Related Concept Videos

Transformation01:26

Transformation

Microbial communities are dynamic environments where cell lysis releases free DNA into the surroundings. Other cells can take up this extracellular DNA through a process known as transformation.When a cell incorporates this foreign DNA into its genome, resulting in genetic modification, the process is known as transformation. Cells capable of this process are termed competent. Competence can be natural, as observed in certain bacteria and archaea, or artificially induced in the...
Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
Bacterial Transformation01:33

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly
09:53

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly

Published on: June 7, 2024

Organelle transformation.

Anjanabha Bhattacharya1, Anish Kumar, Nirali Desai

  • 1National Environmental Sound Production Agriculture Laboratory, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA. anjanabha.bhattacharya@gmail.com

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|May 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organelle transformation offers advantages over nuclear methods for creating transgenic plants, including predictable gene expression and no gene flow. This technology holds promise for enhancing crop productivity and producing valuable compounds.

More Related Videos

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae
07:29

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

Published on: March 2, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly
09:53

Mitochondrial Transformation in Baker's Yeast to Study Translation and Respiratory Complex Assembly

Published on: June 7, 2024

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae
07:29

A high-throughput method to globally study the organelle morphology in S. cerevisiae

Published on: March 2, 2009

Area of Science:

  • Plant biotechnology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Genetic information in plant cells resides in the nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria.
  • Organelle transformation is emerging as a powerful alternative to traditional nuclear transformation methods.
  • This technique offers significant advantages for developing transgenic plant lines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the benefits and potential of organelle transformation in plant biotechnology.
  • To discuss its applications in molecular pharming for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.
  • To emphasize its role in improving crop productivity and therapeutic compound production.

Main Methods:

  • The abstract does not specify methods but discusses the principles and advantages of organelle transformation.
  • Focuses on genetic material located in plant cell organelles (plastids and mitochondria).
  • Compares organelle transformation with conventional nuclear transformation techniques.

Main Results:

  • Organelle transformation demonstrates superior performance compared to nuclear transformation.
  • Key advantages include the absence of gene silencing and predictable transgene expression.
  • Maternal inheritance of organelles prevents transgene flow, increasing technology acceptance.

Conclusions:

  • Organelle transformation technology offers significant promise for the future of agriculture and medicine.
  • Its benefits, such as controlled gene expression and no gene flow, address key challenges in transgenic crop development.
  • This method can help meet the increasing global demand for crop productivity and therapeutic compounds.