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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2
11:32

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Published on: January 16, 2017

Diamond-anvil cell for radial x-ray diffraction.

G N Chesnut1, D Schiferl, B D Streetman

  • 1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|May 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new diamond-anvil cell enables precise radial X-ray diffraction up to hundreds of GPa. This design minimizes deviatoric stress effects, improving crystal structure and equation-of-state determination.

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An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions
07:48

An Externally-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell for Synthesis and Single-Crystal Elasticity Determination of Ice-VII at High Pressure-Temperature Conditions

Published on: June 18, 2020

Area of Science:

  • High-pressure physics
  • Materials science
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Studying materials under extreme pressures is crucial for understanding planetary interiors and developing new materials.
  • Traditional X-ray diffraction methods can be affected by deviatoric stresses at high pressures, complicating data analysis.
  • Accurate determination of crystal structures and equations of state requires minimizing systematic errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel diamond-anvil cell designed for radial X-ray diffraction.
  • To achieve precise measurements at pressures up to several hundred GPa.
  • To improve the reliability of crystal structure and equation-of-state determinations under extreme conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a new diamond-anvil cell apparatus.
  • Implementation of radial X-ray diffraction geometry.
  • Utilizing the 'magic angle' (Ψ≈54.7°) to minimize deviatoric stress effects on interplanar spacings.
  • Analyzing diffraction patterns at multiple angles of Ψ.

Main Results:

  • The designed cell allows radial X-ray diffraction to pressures of a few hundred GPa.
  • At the magic angle, effects of deviatoric stresses on interplanar spacings are significantly reduced.
  • Systematic errors affecting d(hkl) are minimized, enabling reliable crystal structure and equation-of-state determination.

Conclusions:

  • The new diamond-anvil cell design enhances the accuracy of high-pressure crystallographic studies.
  • The ability to reduce deviatoric stress effects is key to reliable materials characterization.
  • Further analysis of diffraction patterns at various Ψ angles may allow for the determination of elastic constants.