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Immunological changes in primary HIV-1 infection.

H Gaines¹, M A von Sydow, L V von Stedingk

¹Virological Department, Central Microbiological Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden.

AIDS (London, England)

|October 1, 1990

Summary

Primary HIV-1 infection in homosexual men causes significant immune cell loss, particularly CD4+ T-cells. Immune responses are mounted, but cell counts and ratios may not fully recover, indicating chronic active infection.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Virology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection significantly impacts immune cell populations.
Understanding early immune dynamics is crucial for managing HIV-1 progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the temporal changes in immune cell counts during acute HIV-1 infection.
To investigate early host response markers and long-term immune recovery.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal monitoring of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T-cells, B cells, and activated lymphocytes.
Measurement of interferon-alpha, neopterin, and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) levels.

Main Results:

Pronounced lymphopenia (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, B cells) observed in the first week.

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CD8+ cell counts increased with immune activation markers, while CD4+ and B cells remained low.

Elevated interferon-alpha, neopterin, and beta 2-M indicated early host response.

CD4+/CD8+ ratio and beta 2-M did not normalize within 2 years.

Conclusions:

Early HIV-1 infection triggers significant immune cell depletion and activation.
The immune system mounts a response, but long-term recovery is incomplete.
HIV-1 infection likely progresses to a chronic active stage post-acute illness.