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Related Experiment Video

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New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
09:45

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Published on: January 23, 2017

Set-shifting in adults with ADHD.

Helene Barone Halleland1, Jan Haavik, Astri J Lundervold

  • 1Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. helene.halleland@psych.uib.no

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS
|May 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) show significant set-shifting difficulties, as measured by the Color Word Interference Test. However, inhibition abilities were not significantly different between ADHD patients and controls.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuropsychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Executive function deficits, including inhibition and set-shifting, are potential endophenotypes for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  • Previous studies using standard neuropsychological tests have yielded inconsistent findings regarding these executive function difficulties in ADHD.
  • Test complexity and the need for contrast measures controlling for basic functions may explain inconsistent results.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) from the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) can reveal set-shifting and inhibition difficulties in adult ADHD patients.
  • To assess the utility of CWIT in identifying specific executive function deficits in a clinical adult ADHD population.

Main Methods:

  • A clinically recruited group of 60 adults diagnosed with ADHD was compared to 60 population-derived controls.
  • Participants completed the Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) to assess inhibition and set-shifting.
  • Statistical analyses were performed on primary summary and contrast measures, controlling for intellectual function and working memory.

Main Results:

  • Adult ADHD patients scored significantly lower than controls on both primary summary and contrast measures of set-shifting (p < .001 and p = .004, respectively).
  • These set-shifting differences remained significant after controlling for intellectual function and working memory (p = .003).
  • No significant differences in inhibition measures were found between the ADHD group and the control group.

Conclusions:

  • The CWIT effectively identifies specific set-shifting difficulties in adults with ADHD.
  • These set-shifting deficits likely reflect broader executive function challenges impacting daily life for individuals with ADHD.
  • Inhibition, as measured by the CWIT, did not emerge as a distinguishing feature between adult ADHD patients and controls in this study.