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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Type 1 immune response in progressive multiple sclerosis.

Giovanni Frisullo1, Domenico Plantone, Alessandro Marti

  • 1Department of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart Rome, Rome, Italy.

Journal of Neuroimmunology
|May 23, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS) forms show heightened type-1 immune activation. This involves increased T-bet expressing T cells, correlating with disease severity in Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS).

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroimmunology
  • Cellular Immunology

Background:

  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system.
  • The role of type-1 immune responses in the progression of MS is not fully understood.
  • Distinguishing immune profiles between relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and progressive MS (PPMS, SPMS) is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the type-1 immune response in progressive MS.
  • To analyze T-bet expression in circulating T and B cells of PPMS and SPMS patients.
  • To compare immune profiles between progressive MS, RRMS, and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry was used to analyze T-bet expression.
  • Circulating T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) and B cells were analyzed for T-bet.
  • Patients with Primary Progressive MS (PPMS), Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS), Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS), and healthy controls were included.

Main Results:

  • Higher percentages of circulating CD4+T-bet+ and CD8+T-bet+ T cells were found in SPMS and PPMS compared to RRMS and controls.
  • In SPMS, a positive correlation was observed between CD4+T-bet+ or CD8+T-bet+ T cells and disease severity.
  • Increased Th1 and Tc1 cell populations indicate a distinct peripheral type-1 immune activation in progressive MS.

Conclusions:

  • Progressive forms of MS (PPMS and SPMS) exhibit a persistent peripheral type-1 immune activation.
  • T-bet expression in circulating T cells serves as a potential biomarker for disease severity in SPMS.
  • These findings differentiate the immune landscape of progressive MS from RRMS, suggesting distinct pathogenic mechanisms.