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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Methods to Study Lipid Alterations in Neutrophils and the Subsequent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

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Published on: March 29, 2017

Hypothyroidism modifies lipid composition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Mariela J Coria¹, Yamila V Carmona Viglianco, Carlos A Marra

¹IMIBIO-SL CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Argentina.

Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry : International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology

|May 23, 2012

Summary

Hypothyroidism alters lipid metabolism in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), increasing triglycerides within cells while decreasing cholesterol synthesis. Further research is needed to understand these lipid changes in PMN function.

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Methods to Study Lipid Alterations in Neutrophils and the Subsequent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

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Differential Effects of Lipid-lowering Drugs in Modulating Morphology of Cholesterol Particles

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Published on: November 10, 2017

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Immunology
Lipid Metabolism

Background:

Thyroid hormones critically regulate lipid metabolism.
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are key players in innate immunity.
The impact of hypothyroidism on PMN lipid profiles remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on lipid metabolism within rat PMN.
To analyze changes in triacylglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and specific lipid-modulating gene expression in PMN.

Main Methods:

Hypothyroidism was induced in Wistar rats using 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) for 30 days.
Lipid content (triacylglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids) was measured in PMN and serum.
mRNA expression of key lipid-related genes (LDL-R, HMGCoAR, SREBP-2, DGAT-2) was quantified using Real-Time PCR.
Neutral lipids were visualized via Nile red staining.

Main Results:

Hypothyroidism led to decreased serum triacylglycerides but increased PMN triacylglycerides.
Cholesterol content decreased in PMN, contrasting with an increase in serum.
Expression of HMGCoAR, a cholesterol synthesis enzyme, was reduced in hypothyroid PMN.
Significant alterations in fatty acid composition were observed in PMN, including changes in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Conclusions:

Experimentally induced hypothyroidism significantly modifies the lipid composition of PMN.
These alterations in PMN lipids, particularly cholesterol and fatty acid profiles, warrant further investigation into their functional consequences for innate immunity.