Effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis surface-associated material on osteoclast formation

Porphyromonas gingivalis strongly correlates with periodontitis, but the underlying mechanisms causing dentoalveolar bone resorption are not fully understood. As contradictory effects of P. gingivalis on osteoclastogenesis have been reported, this study investigates the effect of P. gingivalis extract on osteoclast formation. Osteoclast formation in mouse bone marrow (MBM) cell cultures and RAW 264.7 cells was stimulated by nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) or parathyroid hormone (PTH). Cells were cultured with and without P. gingivalis surface-associated material and phenotypic characteristics were examined using microscopy, flow cytometry, and RT-PCR. P. gingivalis significantly decreased osteoclast formation and the expression of osteoclast phenotypic markers in PTH-stimulated MBM cultures. Additionally, P. gingivalis inhibited expression of osteoclast differentiation factors and stimulated expression of the mouse macrophage marker F4/80. The presence of P. gingivalis in RANKL-stimulated MBM cultures and RAW 264.7 cells inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Interestingly, a transient exposure with P. gingivalis before PTH stimulation increased osteoclastogenesis in MBM cultures. Flow cytometric analyses of cells transiently exposed to P. gingivalis demonstrated an increased proportion of potential osteoclast precursor cells. We conclude that a transient exposure of MBM cultures to P. gingivalis increases the number of osteoclast precursors and osteoclast formation, whereas a prolonged exposure completely abolishes osteoclastogenesis.