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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Hypercalcaemia in a dog with primary hypothyroidism.

¹Bryanston Veterinary Hospital, P.O. Box 67092, Bryanston, 2021, South Africa. rlobetti@mweb.co.za

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association

|May 24, 2012

Summary

A dog with hypothyroidism experienced high calcium levels. Treatment with thyroxine resolved the hypercalcaemia, marking the first report of this association in dogs.

Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Canine Endocrinology
Comparative Pathology

Background:

Primary hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder in dogs.
Hypercalcaemia, or high blood calcium, can be caused by various conditions, including certain cancers and parathyroid gland issues.
Investigating the underlying cause of hypercalcaemia is crucial for appropriate treatment.

Observation:

A 7-year-old female beagle presented with clinical signs consistent with hypothyroidism and concurrent symptomatic hypercalcaemia.
Diagnostic workup, including imaging and cytology, ruled out common causes of hypercalcaemia.
Low plasma parathyroid hormone levels were noted, suggesting a non-parathyroid source for the hypercalcaemia.

Findings:

Treatment with thyroxine, a hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism, led to the resolution of hypercalcaemia.

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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The resolution of hypercalcaemia occurred approximately 9 weeks after initiating thyroxine therapy.

This case represents the first documented instance of primary adult-onset hypothyroidism associated with symptomatic hypercalcaemia in a canine patient.

Implications:

This finding suggests a potential link between primary hypothyroidism and hypercalcaemia in dogs.
Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms behind this association.
Clinicians should consider evaluating calcium levels in hypothyroid dogs and vice versa.