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Related Concept Videos

Reabsorption and Secretion in the Loop of Henle01:17

Reabsorption and Secretion in the Loop of Henle

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop has Na+–K+–2Cl− symporters in the apical membranes of its cells. These symporters simultaneously reclaim one sodium ion, one potassium ion, and two chloride ions from the tubular fluid. Sodium ions are actively transported into the interstitial fluid at the base and sides of the cell, diffusing into the vasa recta. Chloride ions move through leakage channels in the basolateral membrane into the interstitial fluid and then into the vasa recta.
Resting Potential Decay01:15

Resting Potential Decay

The resting membrane potential of a neuron (-70mV) is sustained due to the selective ion permeability of the membrane. At the resting potential, the membrane is slightly permeable to ions like sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) and highly permeable to potassium ions (K+). Differences in the ions' concentration inside the cell compared to the outside are maintained by membrane transport proteins like channels and pumps.
At rest, the K+ is the main ion that moves across the membrane through...
Reabsorption and Secretion in the DCT and Collecting Duct01:26

Reabsorption and Secretion in the DCT and Collecting Duct

The early phase of the DCT manages the reabsorption of approximately 10-15% of filtered water, 5–10% of filtered sodium, and 5–10% of filtered chloride. This process is facilitated by Na+–Cl− symporters in apical membranes and sodium-potassium pumps, as well as Cl− leakage channels in basolateral membranes. The early DCT also stands out as a site where parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates calcium reabsorption, depending on the body's requirements.
The distal part of the DCT, along with the...
Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion01:22

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The kidneys maintain homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Tubular reabsorption and secretion are crucial in forming urine and regulating electrolytes, water balance, and waste elimination.Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion ProcessesTubular reabsorption is the process that reclaims essential substances such as electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and water from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. This is achieved through passive and active transport...
Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
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Regulation of Sodium and Potassium

The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting
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Uncoupling of K+ and Cl- transport across the cell membrane in the process of regulatory volume decrease.

Linjie Yang1, Linyan Zhu, Yue Xu

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. eyanglinjie@163.com

Biochemical Pharmacology
|May 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Potassium and chloride ion flows are uncoupled during cell volume regulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Extracellular pH influences these ion channels, suggesting a potential therapeutic target for cancer.

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A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters
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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting
10:08

Study of the Functions and Activities of Neuronal K-Cl Co-Transporter KCC2 Using Western Blotting

Published on: December 9, 2022

Measurement of Ion Concentration in the Unstirred Boundary Layer with Open Patch-Clamp Pipette: Implications in Control of Ion Channels by Fluid Flow
05:42

Measurement of Ion Concentration in the Unstirred Boundary Layer with Open Patch-Clamp Pipette: Implications in Control of Ion Channels by Fluid Flow

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A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters
07:47

A Proteoliposome-Based Efflux Assay to Determine Single-molecule Properties of Cl- Channels and Transporters

Published on: April 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Regulatory volume decrease (RVD) is typically characterized by coupled K(+) and Cl(-) flows.
  • The precise mechanisms and regulation of ion transport during RVD in cancer cells remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coupling and regulation of K(+) and Cl(-) transport during RVD in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells.
  • To determine the role of extracellular pH (pH(o)) and proton efflux in modulating RVD and ion channel activity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized self-referencing microelectrodes to measure ion fluxes.
  • Applied hypotonic challenges to induce RVD.
  • Manipulated extracellular pH and proton efflux to assess their effects on ion transport and cell volume.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated uncoupled K(+) and Cl(-) transport during RVD in CNE-2Z cells, with distinct activation kinetics.
  • Showed that decreased extracellular pH inhibits K(+) outflow and RVD, but not Cl(-) outflow.
  • Found that modulating proton efflux or extracellular pH buffering capacity impacts K(+) efflux and RVD.

Conclusions:

  • The temporal dynamics of K(+) and Cl(-) channel activity differ during RVD due to their sensitivity to extracellular pH.
  • Proton efflux plays a significant role in cell volume regulation.
  • Targeting H(+) efflux presents a potential therapeutic strategy for human nasopharyngeal carcinoma.