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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis
05:52

Handwriting Analysis Indicates Spontaneous Dyskinesias in Neuroleptic Naïve Adolescents at High Risk for Psychosis

Published on: November 21, 2013

Handwriting in children with ADHD.

Rebecca A Langmaid1, Nicole Papadopoulos1, Beth P Johnson1

  • 1Monash University, Victoria, Australia.

Journal of Attention Disorders
|May 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined Type (ADHD-CT) showed inconsistent handwriting size compared to typically developing peers. ADHD-CT symptom severity, particularly inattention, correlated with poorer handwriting performance.

Keywords:
ADHDfine motor control

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Digital Handwriting Analysis of Characters in Chinese Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Combined Type (ADHD-CT) is associated with motor difficulties, including fine motor impairments affecting handwriting.
  • Previous research suggests a link between ADHD and motor skill deficits, but kinematic characterization of handwriting in ADHD-CT is less explored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To kinematically analyze and characterize the handwriting of children with ADHD-CT during a cursive letter task.
  • To compare handwriting kinematics between children with ADHD-CT and typically developing (TD) children without comorbid conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-eight boys (7-12 years), comprising 14 with ADHD-CT and 14 TD controls, participated.
  • Participants wrote a series of cursive letter 'l's using a graphics tablet and stylus.
  • Exclusion criteria included Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and autism spectrum disorder.

Main Results:

  • Children with ADHD-CT exhibited significantly more inconsistent writing size compared to TD controls.
  • Higher ADHD-CT symptom severity, specifically inattention, was a predictor of poorer handwriting outcomes.
  • Subtle kinematic differences in handwriting were observed in ADHD-CT children without DCD or autism.

Conclusions:

  • Handwriting impairments, characterized by size inconsistency, are evident in children with ADHD-CT, even in the absence of DCD or autism.
  • The severity of ADHD-CT symptoms, particularly inattention, influences handwriting quality.
  • These findings support the hypothesis of underlying motor impairments contributing to handwriting difficulties in ADHD.