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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

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Struma ovarii and the thyroid surgeon.

S Gunasekaran¹, E Kopecka, K H Maung

¹Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck and Thyroid Surgery, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Cottingham, UK. gunasek98@yahoo.com

The Journal of Laryngology and Otology

|May 26, 2012

Summary

Struma ovarii, a rare ovarian teratoma, can present unusually with hyperthyroidism. These cases demonstrate the crucial role of thyroid surgeons in managing both benign and malignant struma ovarii.

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Area of Science:

Gynecologic Oncology
Endocrinology
Pathology

Background:

Struma ovarii are rare monodermal ovarian teratomas, typically presenting as pelvic masses.
Malignant transformation into differentiated thyroid cancer is exceptionally rare.
Presentation with hyperthyroidism symptoms is uncommon.

Observation:

Case 1: A 40-year-old woman with a left ovarian mass diagnosed as follicular carcinoma within struma ovarii.
Case 2: A 60-year-old woman with persistent thyrotoxicosis post-thyroidectomy, found to have benign struma ovarii with ovarian uptake.

Findings:

Demonstrates follicular carcinoma arising in struma ovarii requiring thyroidectomy and radio-iodine therapy.
Highlights benign struma ovarii as a cause of persistent hyperthyroidism, diagnosed via radio-iodine scan.

Implications:

Underscores the importance of considering struma ovarii in patients with ovarian masses and thyroid dysfunction.
Emphasizes the diagnostic and therapeutic contributions of thyroid surgeons in managing struma ovarii, both benign and malignant.